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La repubblica di Nauru, a seguito dell'indipendenza dal Regno Unito ottenuta il 31 gennaio 1968, ha avviato una vasta rete di relazioni diplomatiche internazionali.
Organizzazioni internazionali
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Nauru fu ammessa nelle Nazioni Unite il 14 settembre 1999 con la risoluzione 1249 del Consiglio di sicurezza; tale atto fu contestato dalla Cina, dal momento che Nauru riconosce l'indipendenza di Taiwan, ma ciò non bastò a bloccare l'ammissione.
A maggio 1999 Nauru entrò a far parte del Commonwealth of Nations, di cui era membro associato già dall'indipendenza. Il 1° luglio 2005, a causa di alcune difficoltà nell'onorare le spese richieste dalla membership, il governo decise di tornare alla semplice associazione, per poi rientrare a pieno titolo nella comunità nel 2011.[1]
Nauru è altresì membro dell'ACP, dell'Alleanza dei piccoli Stati insulari, dell'Asian Development Bank, della Commissione economica e sociale per l'Asia e il Pacifico (ESCAP), della Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), del G77, dell'ICAO, del Comitato Olimpico Internazionale e dell'Unione internazionale delle telecomunicazioni.
Tra gli organismi internazionali in cui l'isola non esprime rappresentanza vi è l'Organizzazione marittima internazionale (solo altri due stati membri dell'ONU con sbocchi a mare fanno altrettanto: gli Stati Federati di Micronesia e Niue). Nauru inoltre non aderisce alla Banca internazionale per la ricostruzione e lo sviluppo, né al [Fondo Monetario Internazionale]] e nemmeno alla Società finanziaria internazionale. Non vi sono membri nauruani nemmeno all'Agenzia internazionale per lo sviluppo e nemmeno nella Croce Rossa Internazionale. Nauru non è infine membro né dell'Interpol, né dell'Organizzazione idrografica internazionale.
Cooperazione regionale
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]La cooperazione regionale è un punto chiave della politica estera di Nauru. Il paese ha ospitato la firma di un trattato tra 8 stati del Pacifico atto a regolamentare la pesca del tonno (i firmatari controllano il 25-30% del mercato mondiale della pesca del tonno e il 60% del mercato del Pacifico).[2] Additionally, Nauru è poi membro del Forum delle isole del Pacifico, della South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, del Programma della regione del Pacifico per l'ambiente e del Segretariato della comunità del Pacifico.
Accoglienza di rifugiati
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Nel 2001 Nauru accettò di ospitare 867 rifugiati, perlopiù afghani, intercettati mentre tentavano di entrare clandestinamente in Australia. Tale decisione fu sollecitata dal governo australiano nel quadro della cosiddetta "soluzione del Pacifico" ("parcheggiare" gli immigrati in alcune isole del Pacifico in attesa di vagliare le loro domande d'asilo). L'accoglienza si concluse nel 2008, allorché l'ultimo esule fu trasferito in Australia.[3][4] Nauru ricevette in cambio 10 milioni di dollari australiani.
Relazioni bilaterali
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Di seguito gli stati con i quali Nauru ha stabilito relazioni bilaterali.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Foreign_relations_of_Nauru.png/350px-Foreign_relations_of_Nauru.png)
Paesi che intrattengono relazioni diplomatiche con Nauru.
Membri dell'Unione Europea senza relazioni diplomatiche dirette con Nauru.
Paesi che hanno rotto le relazioni diplomatiche con Nauru
Australia
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]L'Australia ha amministrato Nauru per conto del Regno Unito dal 1914 al 1968, e negli anni è rimasta uno dei principali partners politico-economici dello stato insulare: il "gigante dell'Oceania" si è fortemente impegnato nello sviluppo economico dell'isola, che adotta il dollaro australiano come valuta.
Bangladesh
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Già dopo l'indipendenza, Nauru riconobbe l'indipendenza del governo di Taiwan e la sua legittimità come unica autorità nazionale cinese.
Tuttavia, nel luglio 2002, Nauru accettò di stringere rapporti diplomatici con Pechino, che offrì in cambio 150 milioni di dollari USA per sostenere l'economia isolana. Di conseguenza le autorità taiwanesi chiusero la loro ambasciata a Yaren e interruppero le relazioni con l'isola.
Nell'aprile 2005, durante una visita di Stato alle Isole Marshall, il presidente taiwanese Chen Shui-bian ebbe modo di parlare col presidente nauruano Ludwig Scotty e lo convinse a tornare sui suoi passi. Il 14 maggio successivo furono firmati i trattati che segnarono la riapertura delle relazioni diplomatiche tra i due paesi. Di riflesso, il 31 maggio le autorità di Pechino chiusero le relazioni diplomatiche con l'isola.
Cuba
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Nei tardi anni 2000, Nauru strinse relazioni diplomatiche con Cuba, il cui governo inviò sull'isola un buon numero di medici.[5]
Nell'ottobre 2007 il ministro degli Esteri e del Commercio nauruano David Adeang si recò in visita ufficiale a Cuba.[5] This led to the creation of a Cuba-Nauru Joint Intergovernmental Commission for Economic Cooperation.[6] At approximately this time, Nauru-US relations underwent tensions for reasons which were not completely clear (See also: Foreign relations of Nauru#Ties with the United States of America, above).
In September 2008, Nauru's foreign minister attended the first Cuba-Pacific Islands ministerial meeting in Havana, aimed at "strengtening cooperation" between Nauru and Cuba, notably on coping with the impact of climate change.[7][8]
India
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]India established relations with the country since its independence in 1968 and have had numerous visits by presidents of Nauru to the Republic since then. India is one of the largest Donors to the island by helping the education ministry and revamping the island's parliament facilities to its MP's and its Speaker. India has also reserved 5 slots for naruran citizens for training courses under the Indian Technical & Economical Cooperation (ITEC) programme in the year 2010-11.[3] One scholarship slot is also offered under General Cultural Scholarship of ICCR (Commonwealth Scheme).[9]
Israel
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Between Israel and the Republic of Nauru are official diplomatic relations in 2013, and a collaboration on various subjects. Israel represents the non-resident ambassador to Nauru, Nauru whereas Israel represents a consul general and the Israeli media, David Ben-Bassat. State is considered, similar to other Pacific islands such as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia and Palau, a consistent supporter of Israel in international bodies, including the United Nations.
Russia
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Russia is represented in Nauru through its embassy in Canberra (Australia). Russia's ambassador to Australia Alexander Blokhin serves concurrently as Russia's non-resident ambassador to Nauru (as well as to Fiji and Vanuatu).
Nauru's banks are said to have provided services to the mafia in Russia during the 1990s; over the course of the 1990s, approximately 70 billion U.S. dollars owned by Russian mafia were held in Nauru banks.[10]
In 2009 Nauru became the fourth country to recognize the states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, breakaway regions of Georgia. Only three other UN member states have done so. Russia was reported to be giving Nauru $50M in humanitarian aid in exchange.[11]
United Kingdom
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]The Nauruan government maintains an Honorary Consul, Martin W I Weston, who has served in this role for a number of years. The British Government had ceased to exercise any direct role in the governance of Nauru by 1968.
United States
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]The Nauruan government has a very complex relationship with the United States; the government of Bernard Dowiyogo agreed to stop passport sales and offshore banking in return for an extensive aid package. [senza fonte] However, that aid has not been delivered and Nauru's formal and traditional leaders are now looking to Japan and China for assistance. According to the U.S. Department of State, Nauru has cordial relations with the United States[12]
The U.S. has no consular or diplomatic offices in Nauru. Officers of the American Embassy in Suva, Fiji, are concurrently accredited to Nauru and make periodic visits.
In September 2007, David Adeang, Nauru's Foreign Minister, made a number of public statements in relation to the United States. He extolled Cuba and criticized US foreign policy, during a visit to the Caribbean island.[13] Subsequently, the US Department of State, referring to events investigated in 2007, reported criticism of Adeang in its Human Rights Report, issued for 2008.[14] This criticism was included in the State Department's report, despite the fact that police, having undertaken an investigation of allegations of wrongdoing, made no attempt to prosecute Adeang. Shortly after Adeang's public pronouncements, a crisis, with himself at the centre, led to the collapse of President of Nauru Ludwig Scotty's government.
Trade between the United States and Nauru is limited by the latter's small size and economic problems. The value of two-way trade in 2005 was US$1.6 million.
In October 2008 the new US Ambassador to Fiji, also accredited to Nauru, pledged efforts to assist Nauru's economic development.[15]
Other countries
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Nauru has diplomatic relations with most states in Oceania.[18] It also has ties with most major industrial countries, including Japan,[19] the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, France, the UK, Germany, Spain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States of America and South Africa.[17] Nauru has diplomatic relations with the European Union,[20] most of its member states[30] and a few other states in Europe,[31] including the Holy See (Vatican City).[32]
Nauru has established diplomatic relations also with Chile,[17] Egypt,[17] India,[17] Indonesia,[17] Israel,[17] Malaysia,[17] Maldives,[17] North Korea,[33] Philippines,[17] Singapore[17] and the United Arab Emirates.[17]
In 1995, Nauru broke off relations diplomatic relations with France to protest French nuclear testing in the Pacific. Relations were resumed in 1997.[34]
Nauru established diplomatic relations with Brazil in November 2005.[35]
Nauru established diplomatic relations with Vietnam on 23 June 2006.[36]
Nauru established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 19 February 2007.
Nauru established diplomatic relations with Kosovo on 23 April 2008. [37]
Nauru established diplomatic relations with Malta on 19 November 2008.[26]
Nauru established diplomatic relations with Lithuania in 2009.[24]
Nauru established diplomatic relations with Abkhazia on 15 December 2009.[38]
Finland recognised Nauru on 29 March 1968 and established diplomatic relations on 24 March 2009.[39]
On 11 March 2010 Nauru established diplomatic relations with Slovenia.[29]
On 21 May 2010 Nauru established diplomatic relations with Luxembourg.[25]
On 11 April 2011 Nauru established diplomatic relations with Romania.[27]
On 21 April 2011 Nauru established diplomatic relations with the Seychelles.[40]
In 2011, Nauru established diplomatic relations with Montenegro to the United Nations in New York: the ambassadors of respective countries were Milorad Šćepanović (Montenegro) and Marlena Moses (Nauru).
On 24 June 2011 Nauru established diplomatic relations with Slovakia.[28]
On 21 March 2012 Nauru established diplomatic relations with Estonia.[21]
On 3 October 2012 Nauru established diplomatic relations with The Gambia.[41]
In 2013, Nauru will begin relations with Palau.[senza fonte]
Relations with partially recognised states
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Nauru has used its position as a member of the United Nations to gain financial support from both the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) by changing its position on the political status of Taiwan. During 2002, Nauru signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC on 21 July. Nauru accepted $130m from the PRC for this action.[42] In response, the ROC severed diplomatic relations with Nauru two days later. Nauru later re-established links with the ROC on 14 May 2005,[43] and diplomatic ties with the PRC were officially severed on 31 May 2005. Similarly, Nauru recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 12 August 1981. Then, on 15 September 2000, Nauru withdraw the recognition of the SADR, and signed accords with Morocco on the phosphates area, which are running out in the island.[44][45] In 2008, Nauru recognized Kosovo as an independent country. Then, in 2009, Nauru became only the fourth country to recognize the breakaway republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which are both claimed by Georgia. Russia was reported to be giving Nauru $50m in humanitarian aid in return.[46]
See also
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Missions in Nauru
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- Australia (Consulate General)[47]
- Republic of China (Embassy)[48]
References
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- ^ Nauru back as full Commonwealth member, in Radio New Zealand International, 26 June 2011. URL consultato il 30 September 2011.
- ^ http://klima-tuvalu.no/2011/04/13/pacific-islands-fighting-for-their-tuna/
- ^ Last refugees leave Nauru - Immigration Media Release ce014/2008, su minister.immi.gov.au. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ Departing refugees leave Nauru camps empty - National, su theage.com.au, 6 February 2008. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ a b Cuba, Nauru to Strengthen Links - Prensa Latina, su plenglish.com, 1º January 1970. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ Economy[collegamento interrotto]
- ^ "Kiribati's Tong Meets Castro, Heads To UN", Pacific Magazine, 18 September 2008
- ^ "1st Cuba-Pacific Islands Ministerial Meeting opens in Havana", Xinhua, 16 September 2008
- ^ http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Nauru-January-2012.pdf
- ^ Pacific nation Nauru on brink of collapse The Age, 18 April 2004
- ^ Luke Harding, Tiny Nauru struts world stage by recognising breakaway republics, The Guardian, 14 December 2009. URL consultato il 14 December 2009.
- ^ Nauru, su state.gov, 19 January 2010. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ Noticias de Prensa Latina - Inicio, su plenglish.com, 1º January 1970. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ 2008 Human Rights Report: Nauru, su state.gov, 25 February 2009. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ Posted at 01:57 on 28 October 2008 UTC, 29 October 2008, su rnzi.com, 28 October 2008. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ Countries With Which the Federated States of Micronesia Has Established Diplomatic Relations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Nauru UN Permanent Mission - List of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Republic of Nauru and Other Countries
- ^ Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia (since 4/10/87),[16] Fiji, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu.[17]
- ^ Nauru-Japan diplomatic relations established in 1968
- ^ External Service Directory - accreditations and responsibilities
- ^ a b Estonia Established Diplomatic Relations with Nauru
- ^ Greece diplomatic relations with Nauru since 1984
- ^ Diplomatic relations maintained trough PMUN in New York
- ^ a b Lithuanian government has just approved to establish diplomatic relations with Nauru Republic.
- ^ a b Luxembourg and Nauru establish diplomatic relations
- ^ a b The government of Malta, Nauru establish diplomatic relations
- ^ a b Romania and Nauru establish diplomatic relations
- ^ a b Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Slovak Republic and the Republic of Nauru
- ^ a b The Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Nauru established diplomatic relations
- ^ Austria,[17] Belgium,[17] Bulgaria,[17] Cyprus,[17] Estonia,[21] France,[17] Germany,[17] Greece,[17][22] Ireland,[23] Italy,[17] Lithuania,[24] Luxembourg,[25] Malta,[26] Netherlands,[17] Romania,[27] Slovakia,[28] Slovenia,[29] Spain,[17] United Kingdom.[17]
- ^ Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Norway, Macedonia, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey.[17]
- ^ Diplomatic relations with the Holy See since 01.06.1992
- ^ DPRK Diplomatic Relations with Nauru since 2/25/1982
- ^ AFP news agency 12 December 1997 Micronesian state of Nauru re-establishes diplomatic relations with France
- ^ Yahoo! News, su asia.news.yahoo.com. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ ABC Radio Australia News, su radioaustralia.net.au. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ http://www.president-ksgov.net/?id=5,67,67,67,a,786
- ^ International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#States which formally recognise Abkhazia or South Ossetia as independent
- ^ MFA of Finland
- ^ Seychelles strengthens ties with small island states and establishes diplomatic relations with Nauru
- ^ The government of The Gambia has formally established diplomatic relations with two Pacific Island countries namely, the Republic of Nauru and the Republic of Kiribati.
- ^ Luke Harding in Moscow, Tiny Nauru struts world stage by recognizing breakaway republics, Guardian, 14 December 2009. URL consultato il 22 June 2010.
- ^ AAP. 14 May 2005. Taiwan Re-establishes Diplomatic Ties with Nauru. Retrieved 2006-05-05. Archiviato il 20060220181401 su taiwansecurity.org URL di servizio di archiviazione sconosciuto.
- ^ Nauru, Kosovo - MasterCard Diplomacy?, Balkan Insight, 18 December 2009. URL consultato il 4 March 2012.
- ^ Nauru Opposition Warns Australia, Voxy.co.nz, 29 October 2010. URL consultato il 4 March 2012.
- ^ Luke Harding, Tiny Nauru struts world stage by recognizing breakaway republics, The Guardian, 14 December 2009. URL consultato il 14 December 2009.
- ^ Australian High Commission in the Republic of Nauru - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, su dfat.gov.au. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (TAIWAN) - 駐外館處通訊錄, su mofa.gov.tw. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2010.
External links
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- Permanent Mission of the Republic of Nauru to the United Nations
- Australian Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade pages on Nauru
- The U.S. Department of State's page on Nauru
- History of Nauru - U.S. relations
- Lithuanian government has just approved to establish diplomatic relations with Nauru, youtube.com
Template:Foreign relations of Nauru Template:Pacific Islands Forum