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A kibbutz קיבוץ (Hebrew, pl. kibbutzim) is a communal living arrangement that is organized through a form of town hall-style democracy. The kibbutz is a phenomenon unique to Israel and is strongly linked to Zionist and socialist ideologies.

Kibbutz members are not paid salaries, but their kibbutz is expected to provide for their material needs. Collective child care is common. Some kibbutzim also have military functions.

Etymology

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The word kibbutz originated from the Classical Hebrew word kvutza, meaning "group". Kibbutzim is the Hebrew plural.

History

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The kibbutz is a phenomenon particular to the state of Israel. The first kibbutzim settlements were founded by idealistic Jews motivated by Zionism and socialism to establish communal agricultural settlements in Ottoman Palestine. They were primarily funded by donations from American Jews.

The first kibbutzim were founded in 1909 around the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. The first kibbutz, Yam Kinneret, trained new settlers in agriculture and in the construction of new settlements. Among the famous people who were trained in Kinneret was the Israeli poet Rachel (רחל).

In the following years, more and more kibbutzim were established, mainly in the Galilee and nearby Gush Dan.

In the 1940s, new kibbutzim were established in the northern part of the Negev desert and, after the founding of the state of Israel, in Arava, the south-eastern part of the Negev, an area offered by the the British for the establishment of the new state.

Psychological aspects

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Social scientists attempted to study the question: What are the effects of life without private property? One such study was made in 1969 by the psychologist Bruno Bettelheim. He noted that children brought up in that communal environment seem to experience greater difficulty in making strong emotional commitments thereafter, such as falling in love or forming a lasting friendship. On the other hand, they appear to find it easier to have a large number of less-involved friendships, and a more active social life.

Bettelheim also wrote: "Nowhere more than in the kibbutz did I realize the degree to which private property, in the deep layers of the mind, relates to private emotions. If one is absent, the other tends to be absent as well". This line of argument, however, raises many questions. For example, are there similar psychological effects in other communities which have abolished private property? Or, if some emotions are linked to private property, and if private property is itself the creation of civilization, subsequent to all the pre-civilized operation of natural selection upon the human genome, then how did these emotions develop in the first place?

Other researchers came to a conclusion that children growing up in these tightly knit communities tend to see the other children around them as ersatz siblings and prefer to seek mates outside the community when they reach maturity. As a result, they often abandon kibbutz life as adults.

Fears for the future of the kibbutz movement

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There is some skepticism about the future prospects of the kibbutzim. Agricultural life is certainly not very attractive to many modern Israelis. In addition, the growing political instability of the region poses a long-term threat. Nevertheless, most observers contend that, in the near future at least, the kibbutz movement faces no serious danger.

List of famous kibbutzim

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